Organ Model: Digestive System

Organ Model: Intestine (Duodenum)

Application: ADME-Tox

Abstract: Microphysiological systems (MPS) incorporating human intestinal organoids have shown the potential to faithfully model intestinal biology with the promise to accelerate development of oral prodrugs. We hypothesized that an MPS model incorporating flow, shear stress, and vasculature could provide more reliable measures of prodrug bioconversion and permeability. Following construction of jejunal and duodenal organoid MPS derived from 3 donors, we determined the area under the concentration-time (AUC) curve for the active drug in the vascular channel and characterized the enzymology of prodrug bioconversion. Fosamprenavir underwent phosphatase mediated hydrolysis to amprenavir while dabigatran etexilate (DABE) exhibited proper CES2- and, as anticipated, not CES1-mediated de-esterification, followed by permeation of amprenavir to the vascular channel. When experiments were conducted in the presence of bio-converting enzyme inhibitors (orthovanadate for alkaline phosphatase; bis(p-nitrophenyl)phosphate for carboxylesterase), the AUC of the active drug decreased accordingly in the vascular channel. In addition to functional analysis, the MPS was characterized through imaging and proteomic analysis. Imaging revealed proper expression and localization of epithelial, endothelial, tight junction and catalytic enzyme markers. Global proteomic analysis was used to analyze the MPS model and 3 comparator sources: an organoid-based transwell model (which was also evaluated for function), Matrigel embedded organoids and finally jejunal and duodenal cadaver tissues collected from 3 donors. Hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) of global proteomic data demonstrated that all organoid-based models exhibited strong similarity and were distinct from tissues. Intestinal organoids in the MPS model exhibited strong similarity to human tissue for key epithelial markers via HCA. Quantitative proteomic analysis showed higher expression of key prodrug converting and drug metabolizing enzymes in MPS-derived organoids compared to tissues, organoids in Matrigel, and organoids on transwells. When comparing organoids from MPS and transwells, expression of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (ALPI), carboxylesterase (CES)2, cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and sucrase isomaltase (SI) was 2.97-, 1.2-, 11.3-, and 27.7-fold higher for duodenum and 7.7-, 4.6-, 18.1-, and 112.2-fold higher for jejunum organoids in MPS, respectively. The MPS approach can provide a more physiological system than enzymes, organoids, and organoids on transwells for pharmacokinetic analysis of prodrugs that account for 10% of all commercial medicines.

Organ Model: Intestine (Caco2)

Application: Immune Cell Recruitment

Abstract: Over 2 million people in North America suffer from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a chronic and idiopathic inflammatory condition. While previous research has primarily focused on studying immune cells as a cause and therapeutic target for IBD, recent findings suggest that non-immune cells may also play a crucial role in mediating cytokine and chemokine signaling, and therefore IBD symptoms. In this study, we developed an organ-on-a-chip co-culture model of Caco2 epithelial and HUVEC endothelial cells and induced inflammation using pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ. We tested different concentration ranges and delivery orientations (apical vs. basal) to develop a consistently inducible inflammatory response model. We then measured pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines IL-6, IL-8, and CXCL-10, as well as epithelial barrier integrity. Our results indicate that this model 1. induces IBD-like cytokine secretion in non-immune cells and 2. decreases barrier integrity, making it a feasible and reliable model to test the direct actions of potential anti-inflammatory therapeutics on epithelial and endothelial cells.

Featured session at Netherlands MPS Day, which took place on November 15, 2023.

Joram Mooiweer from the University Medical Center Groningen presented his team’s work on modeling celiac disease using advanced human-relevant systems, including intestinal organoids and Organ-Chips. Celiac disease involves a complex interplay of genetic predisposition, immune responses (especially from tissue-resident T cells), and interactions with the intestinal epithelium and microbiota. By taking advantage of patient-derived tissue and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), the group aims to reconstruct these intricate processes in vitro.

Mooiweer highlights two approaches to modeling celiac disease. First, using patient biopsies, they isolate both intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and intestinal stem cells. Culturing organoids derived from these stem cells together with IELs in a carefully optimized co-culture medium, they can recreate aspects of the cytotoxic activity associated with celiac disease—something that can be further manipulated using bispecific antibodies. These co-cultures maintain viability of both the epithelial and immune cells, enabling exploration of celiac-related immune-mediated epithelial damage.

Second, the group also uses iPSCs from patients and controls to generate small intestine-like epithelial tissues that self-organize into complex, 3D folded architectures when seeded on chip. With the help of growth factor gradients, they achieve a cell-type composition and maturation state that closely mirrors the human small intestine, including various specialized epithelial cells and mesenchymal cell types. This system is genetically tractable and can be further refined to incorporate inflammatory cues, immune cells, and eventually patient-specific microbiota under physiologically relevant conditions.

Ultimately, these multifaceted in vitro platforms will enable mechanistic insights into how genetic variants influence celiac disease onset and progression. They also provide a foundation for modeling interactions between epithelial cells, immune cells, and environmental triggers, paving the way for more predictive and personalized therapeutic strategies.

Key learnings from this presentation include:

• Complex disease modeling: Celiac disease involves interactions among epithelial cells, immune cells (IELs), and environmental factors (gluten). Recreating these dynamics in vitro is essential to dissect underlying mechanisms.
• Patient-derived systems: Using biopsies, organoids, and expanded IEL populations, the team can simulate immune-driven epithelial damage in controlled culture environments.
• iPSC-derived intestinal tissue: iPSC-based models yield highly structured and diverse epithelial cell populations on a chip, reflecting small-intestine-like architecture and enabling genetic manipulation for studying disease-associated loci.
• Synergistic modeling strategies: Combining adult-stem-cell-derived organoids, iPSC-based tissues, immune cells, and future microbiota co-cultures provides a comprehensive platform for understanding celiac pathophysiology.
• Toward translational impact: These advanced human-relevant models aim to identify genetic factors and potential therapeutic targets, contributing to more tailored interventions in celiac disease and related intestinal disorders.

Organ Model: Intestine (Caco2)

Application: Model Development

Abstract: Although mutations in the SCRIB gene lead to multiple morphological organ defects in vertebrates, the molecular pathway linking SCRIB to organ shape anomalies remains elusive. Here, we study the impact of SCRIB-targeted gene mutations during the formation of the gut epithelium in an organ-on-chip model. We show that SCRIB KO gut-like epithelia are flatter with reduced exposed surface area. Cell differentiation on filters further shows that SCRIB plays a critical role in the control of apical cell shape, as well as in the basoapical polarization of myosin light chain localization and activity. Finally, we show that SCRIB serves as a molecular scaffold for SHROOM2/4 and ROCK1 and identify an evolutionary conserved SHROOM binding site in the SCRIB carboxy-terminal that is required for SCRIB function in the control of apical cell shape. Our results demonstrate that SCRIB plays a key role in epithelial morphogenesis by controlling the epithelial apical contractility during cell differentiation.

Webinar Abstract

Oncology drug candidates are currently the least likely type of therapeutic to succeed in clinical trials, with only 5.1% of Phase I candidates going on to receive FDA approval¹. Understanding a tumor’s microenvironment is key to regulating cancer progression and developing more effective therapies—and Chip-A1 will give researchers this capability. 

In this August 15, 2023 webinar, Luke Dimasi, Senior Director of Product Management at Emulate, provided an overview of the Chip-A1 Accessible Chip, a new Organ-Chip consumable that expands the applications of Organ-on-a-Chip technology by allowing users to create thicker, multilayered tissues within the epithelial culture chamber and directly treat the tissue with topical or aerosolized drugs. Following this introduction, Elee Shimshoni, PhD, postdoctoral researcher at MIT, discussed how she and her former team from the Wyss Institute at Harvard used a prototype of Chip-A1 and found that it offered a new approach for studying epithelial-stromal interactions in Barrett’s Esophagus as well as the broader underlying mechanisms associated with esophageal cancer progression. 

During this webinar, the speakers discussed: 

• New capabilities of Chip-A1 that expand the applications of Organ-on-a-Chip technology 
• Why Chip-A1 improves in vitro modeling of epithelial-stromal interactions and tumor microenvironments 
• A case study of using Chip-A1 to model Barrett’s Esophagus
• How a Barrett’s Esophagus Chip-A1 model could potentially serve as a tool for personalized drug-response assessments between different patients or genetic subpopulations

About Organ-on-a-Chip Technology 

Organ-on-a-Chip technology is poised to deliver a paradigm shift in drug discovery. By emulating human physiology, Organ-Chips have the potential to increase the predictive power of preclinical modeling and advance more drugs to the clinic. Learn more about Organ-on-a-Chip technology by downloading our free eBook.

With the potential to bring cures to some of the world’s most devastating diseases, including cancer, muscular atrophy, and blindness, gene therapy is a cutting-edge area of research that is generating a tremendous amount of excitement. Download this free eBook to learn what gene therapy is, how it works, and why Organ-on-a-Chip technology could help gene therapy reach widespread use.

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a complex inflammatory disease, for which few effective therapies exist. The goal of our current work was to show that:

1. Such a complex, immune cell-driven pathogenesis could be captured on Emulate’s human Colon Intestine-Chips
2. This could be used as a novel human-centric system to support IBD drug development including anti-TNF-α antibodies. We previously developed an advanced primary human vascularized Colon Intestine-Chip model and showed that it can recapitulate physiologic cell composition, morphology and barrier integrity.

The model described in this poster is advantageous in recapitulating in vivo inflammatory effector functions in that it supports immune cell trafficking under fluid flow conditions, uses primary cell co-culture, and provides a physiologically relevant peristaltic-like stretch.

Organ Model: Intestine (Necrotizing Enterocolitis)

Application: Immunology & Inflammation, Microbiome

Abstract

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a severe and potentially fatal intestinal disease that has been difficult to study due to its complex pathogenesis, which remains incompletely understood. The pathophysiology of NEC includes disruption of intestinal tight junctions, increased gut barrier permeability, epithelial cell death, microbial dysbiosis, and dysregulated inflammation. Traditional tools to study NEC include animal models, cell lines, and human or mouse intestinal organoids. While studies using those model systems have improved the field’s understanding of disease pathophysiology, their ability to recapitulate the complexity of human NEC is limited. An improved in vitro model of NEC using microfluidic technology, named NEC-on-a-chip, has now been developed. The NEC-on-a-chip model consists of a microfluidic device seeded with intestinal enteroids derived from a preterm neonate, co-cultured with human endothelial cells and the microbiome from an infant with severe NEC. This model is a valuable tool for mechanistic studies into the pathophysiology of NEC and a new resource for drug discovery testing for neonatal intestinal diseases. In this manuscript, a detailed description of the NEC-on-a-chip model will be provided.

Products Used In This Publication

Webinar Abstract

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) represents an enormous area of unmet medical need. Despite ~10 million people suffering from IBD globally, ~50% of patients fail to respond to on-market therapy, and ~90% fail to experience long-term remission.

The limited efficacy of IBD therapeutics is due in part to the limited human relevance of conventional preclinical models, which restrict researchers to studying just one aspect of IBD at a time. These models fail to accurately predict drug effects within the complex intestinal microenvironment, leading to high clinical trial failure rates.

It’s time for a human-centric approach to IBD drug discovery and development.

In this webinar, Marianne Kanellias discussed how researchers can use Emulate Organ-on-a-Chip technology to create a more representative and complex model of IBD pathogenesis. With the Emulate human Colon Intestine-Chip, researchers can recapitulate the inflammatory response of IBD—from immune cell vascular attachment, to migration, to downstream effector function and barrier damage—and evaluate the efficacy of anti-inflammatory therapeutics in a more human-relevant model of IBD.

Key highlights from this IBD webinar:

• Common challenges in modeling inflammatory disease
• Recreating gut- and inflammation-specific immune cell recruitment with the Colon Intestine-Chip
• Evaluating clinically relevant IBD therapeutics across a range of mechanisms of action
• A panel discussion and live Q&A with Marianne Kanellias and Chris Carman, PhD who led the development of the immune cell recruitment application for the Colon Intestine-Chip

For additional data, see the data in the inflammatory immune cell recruitment application note.

Webinar Abstract

Over the past 15 years, organoids have revolutionized the study of human organ and tumor behavior. In the coming years, Organ-on-a-Chip technology promises to rapidly increase the complexity of human organotypic models, enabling the discovery of more physiologically relevant insights into human health and disease. 

In this on-demand webinar, Jens Puschhof, PhD, of the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) discusses how lessons learned from organoid biology can be applied to Organ-on-a-Chip research and examine areas where these two technologies are being combined with great potential for synergy. In particular, he shares aspects of his team’s work studying the impact of cancer-associated bacteria in colorectal cancer metastasis using Emulate Organ-Chip models. 

Key discussion points / learnings: 

• The synergies that exist between organoids and Organ-on-a-Chip technology 
• How insights from organoid research can be translated to Organ-Chips  
• How Organ-Chips can be used to study the cancer-microbiome